Over the last few years, my machining mentor Rick has been constructing a diesel powered firewood processor from scratch.The machine is capable of cutting and splitting a cord of wood per hour through precision orchestration of hydraulics and internal combustion. After a few design iterations, all of the mechanical components are bullitproof.
Operation
See below image "Woodprocessor Controls"
Logs are loaded onto staging area "A" with a tractor.
A single log is rolled into trough "B" and is advanced up to length indicator "C" via a toothed chain controlled by lever "2".
The log is held in position with the log mandible (controlled by lever "1").
The hydraulic chainsaw is turned on (lever "6") and the bar is advanced into the wood to cut off a section (lever "4").
The log falls into the splitter trough "E" (controlled by lever pair "5"), and is split into 2, 4, or 6 pieces depending on diameter.
The splitter ram is automaticly retracted, and the processor is ready for another cycle.
Initially, throttle position was held constant by holding the throttle body against a hard stop. Throttle position was selected for reasonable loaded performance and safe unloaded operation.See http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=np9l8YD36d8 (embeded below) for a video clip of the wood processor in fixed throttle mode. As expected, the engine tends to bog down during heavy loads.
Throttle Governor
I designed a governor for Rick's wood processor with the objective of maintaining constant engine speed during operation. The governor was designed to act like an automotive cruise control by opening the throttle for more power during heavy cuts and closing the throttle for safe idling when unloaded.
The heart of the throttle governor is a PI controller implemented on an ATMEGA 168 microprocessor. Throttle position is adjusted via servo motor based on engine speed calculated with an optical encoder disc.
A servo motor was attached to the stock throttle body so that power could be increased during heavy loading.
Servo Linkage for Diesel Engine 1- Stock Throttle Body, 2- 15 cm*Kg (13 in*Lb) Water Resistant Servo
A video of the wood processor in action prior to installing the governor. The throttle was set to a single position as all cutting operations were carried out. The throttle must be set low enough to avoid engine damage at idle, but high enough to avoid stalling during peak loading. Notice how the engine tends to bog down during heavy cuts.
Here is a video of the wood processor with the new governor installed.
Governor Design
The governor was designed to easily integrate into Ricks current operating procedure.
Engine is turned on.
Governor automaticly defaults to off position (Sets servo to 0, Sets Mode to Open Loop)
Rick selects preset throttle position (Throttle is adjusted to approximately 50%)
Rick Selects Closed Loop mode (Governor regulates speed)
Begin Cutting timber
In closed loop mode the throttle is automatically adjusted to increase power as needed to maintain constant engine speed.
Failsafes
If Emergency Stop Button is pressed, Engine Stalls, Tachometer Breaks, or Engine exceeds 1800 RPM:
servo is set to 0 and governor is set to open loop mode.
Anti-Windup
As noted in the Arduino code an anti-windup strategy was employed inorder to eliminate poor performance after throttle saturation.
PID Design
A rough system identification was performed on the diesel engine to get an understanding of the open loop system characteristics.
Rough values for Kp and Ki were selected to give stable operation for subsequent tuning operations.
The Ziegler-Nichols approach was used to refine PI values for the final controller design.
Additional safegaurds were implelemented to reduce the risk of damaging the diesel engine after rapid unloading conditions.
The most elegant and robust solution for adjusting the throttle position or governor setpoint is to use a quadrature encoder. Without an expensive water resistant potientiometer it is difficult to avoid device degredation inherent with an outdoor environment. For this project, I decided to quickly make my own rotary encoder from a mouse and a stepper motor. The stepper provides a really satisfying tactile click when adjusting the setpoint position (although any quadrature encoder could be used for this application).
With a rotary encoder, transitions from open to closed loop mode (and back) are streamlined and simplified. It is possible to ignore absolute encoder position (inherent with single turn potientiometers) and instead measure relative changes in encoder state.
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